Pathogen surveillance involves monitoring and tracking the presence and spread of pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms, in various environments including humans, animals, and plants. This research area utilizes various techniques and technologies, such as molecular biology, genomics, and data analysis, to identify and characterize pathogens, assess their risk to public health, and develop strategies for prevention and control. Pathogen surveillance is crucial for early detection of outbreaks, understanding patterns of transmission, and informing public health interventions to protect populations from infectious diseases.